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Foreign Visitor Travel Insurance, Insure your trip Posted: 04 Oct 2011 02:48 AM PDT Article by James Roy There are always opportunities for meeting with an illness or accident, if you are outside their familiar environment, cuisine and weather conditions. Visitor health insurance is providing financial assistance during medical emergencies and can prevent the insolvency of you abroad. Some of the passengers, visitors tend to ignore the costs of health insurance by addressing the need for additional travel costs. Unfortunately, it is important to the visitors’ insurance is realized only in time of crisis, and there is no point bemoaning the fact that one does not have the proper insurance at the time. Even if you are a foreign environment, it is difficult to remain financially if not properly covered by medical insurance and you can get a lower loved you visit. Why do visitors medical insurance? Visitor medical insurance provided by their financial burden is hospitalized at the time. Your medical expenses, repatriation, medical evacuation fees. Visitors are covered by health insurance. Visitors insurance plan is popular with immigrant communities in the United States, for example, communities in India, China, Russia, Europe, Mexico and South America. Visitors can buy insurance, children and grandchildren visiting their parents / grandparents. Although you can not prevent health disorders, visitor health insurance allows the insured to stay worry free medical treatment during the ambulance. Visitors health insurance – BenefitsWhen visitors health insurance is purchased, the insured shall be guided by written instructions to a preferred provider network (PPO) a list of hospitals and how to claim benefits coverage. The insured may be used for construction or non-cash compensation for medical costs, depending on the plan selected. Claims settled by the insurance company guarantees the correctness of the assessment. Visitors health insurance also covers you for war or terrorist activity. Online Visitor medical insurance – Compare & BuyVisitors Health Insurance There are many products on the market. There are many factors to be considered while buying medical insurance plans for visitors. Visitors health insurance online is the best way to compare and buy visitor insurance plan itself. Act, co-insurance, insurance premium, the maximum extent of visitors vary according to the terms of insurance providers. Visitors Health Insurance Products are two categories of fixed compensation and comprehensive. Although the benefits are less expensive, coverage is limited to the contrary, the comprehensive plan, although more expensive, better insurance coverage. Consumers are able to assess the well-known insurance visitors health insurance plans before making a purchase. Online visitors health insurance is recommended, because there is no need of medical documents in the same plan of buying their own choice. Choose the plan according to their age, because visitors insurance plans designed to meet the requirements. Stay safe, visitors medical insurance when visiting their loved ones in the U.S. and Canada, and make your trip a memorable experience. About the Author James Roy is Insurance advisor of Holiday Travel Insurance UK.For any queries related travel insurance, travel insurance for over 65, holiday insurance 90 days trip visit http://www.holidaytravelinsuranceuk.co.uk

Wood drying – China thread rolling machine – roll form equipment Posted: 03 Oct 2011 02:48 PM PDT Article by hi joiney Types of wood Wood is divided according to its botanical origin into two kinds Softwoods from coniferous trees and hardwoods from broadleaved trees Structurally softwoods are generally simple in structure and lighter whereas hardwoods are generally complex in structure and harder However in Australia softwoods generally refer to rainforest trees and hardwoods refer to sclerophyllous species namely Eucalyptus spp Softwood like pine wood is much lighter and easier to process than the heavy hardwood like fruit tree wood The density of softwoods ranges between 350 700 160 kg m while hardwoods are 450 1250 160 kg m Both consist of approximately 12 160 moisture Desch and Dinwoodie 1996 Due to the more dense and complex structure of hardwood the permeability is very low in comparison to softwood thus making it more difficult to dry Even though there are about hundred times more species of hardwood trees than softwood trees the ability to process and dry softwood faster and more easily makes it the main supply of commercial wood today Wood water relationships The timber of living trees and freshly felled logs contains a large amount of water which often constitutes over 50 of the woods actual weight Water has a significant influence on wood wood continually exchanges moisture water with its surroundings although the rate of exchange is strongly affected by the degree wood is sealed Water in wood may be present in two forms Free water The bulk of water contained in the cell lumina is only held by capillary forces it is not bound chemically and is termed free water Free water is not in the same thermodynamic state as liquid water energy is required to overcome the capillary forces Furthermore free water may contain chemicals altering the drying characteristics Bound or hygroscopic water Bound water is bound to the wood via hydrogen bonds The attraction of wood for water arises from the presence of free hydroxyl OH groups in the cellulose hemicelluloses and lignin molecules in the cell wall The hydroxyl groups are negatively charged electrically Water is a polar liquid The free hydroxyl groups in cellulose attract and hold water by hydrogen bonding Water in cell lumina may be in the form of water vapour but the total amount is normally negligible at normal temperatures and moisture contents citation needed Moisture content of wood The moisture content of wood is calculated by the formula Siau 1984 1 1 Here is the green mass of the wood is its oven dry mass the attainment of constant mass generally after drying in an oven set at 103 2 C for 24 hours as mentioned by Walker et al 1993 This can also be expressed as a fraction of the mass of the water and the mass of the oven dry wood rather than a percentage for example 0 59 160 kg kg oven dry basis expresses the same moisture content as 59 oven dry basis Students in the United Kingdom would recognise this formula written as x100 Where the wet weight is the weight of the original wet sample and the dry weight being the weight of the sample after drying in an oven Moisture contents being expressed as a percentage Fibre saturation point When green wood dries the first water to go is the free water from the cell lumina It is held only by the capillary forces Most physical properties such as strength and shrinkage are unaffected by the removal of free water The fibre saturation point FSP is defined as the moisture content at which free water should be completely gone while the cell walls are saturated with bound water In most woods the fibre saturation point is at 25 to 30 moisture content Siau 1984 reported that the fibre saturation point kg kg is dependent on the temperature T C according to the following equation 1 2 Keey et al 2000 use a different definition of the fibre saturation point equilibrium moisture content of wood in an environment of 99 relative humidity Many important properties of wood show a considerable change as the wood is dried below the fibre saturation point These include Volume ideally no shrinkage occurs until some bound water is lost i e until the wood is dried below FSP Most strength properties show a consistent increase as the wood is dried below the FSP Desch and Dinwoodie 1996 An exception is impact bending strength and in some cases toughness Electrical resistivity increases very rapidly with the loss of bound water when the wood dries below the FSP Equilibrium moisture content Main article Equilibrium moisture content Wood is a hygroscopic substance It has the ability to take in or give off moisture in the form of vapour The water contained in wood exerts a vapour pressure of its own which is determined by the maximum size of the capillaries filled with water at any time If the water vapour pressure in the ambient space is lower than the vapour pressure within wood desorption takes place The largest sized capillaries which are full of water at the time empty first The vapour pressure within the wood falls as water is successively contained in smaller and smaller sized capillaries A stage is eventually reached when the vapour pressure within the wood equals the vapour pressure in the ambient space above the wood and further desorption ceases The amount of moisture that remains in the wood at this stage is in equilibrium with the water vapour pressure in the ambient space and is termed the equilibrium moisture content or EMC Siau 1984 Because of its hygroscopicity wood tends to reach a moisture content that is in equilibrium with the relative humidity and temperature of the surrounding air The EMC of wood varies with the ambient relative humidity a function of temperature significantly to a lesser degree with the temperature Siau 1984 reported that the EMC also varies very slightly with species mechanical stress drying history of wood density extractives content and the direction of sorption in which the moisture change takes place i e adsorption or desorption Moisture content of wood in service Wood retains its hygroscopic characteristics after it is put into use It is then subjected to fluctuating humidity the dominant factor in determining its EMC These fluctuations may be more or less cyclical such as diurnal changes or annual seasonal changes In order to minimise the changes in wood moisture content or the movement of wooden objects in service wood is usually dried to a moisture content that is close to the average EMC conditions to which it will be exposed These conditions vary for interior uses compared with exterior uses in a given geographic location For example according to the Australian Standard for Timber Drying Quality AS NZS 4787 2001 the EMC is recommended to be 10 12 for the majority of Australian states although extreme cases may be up to 15 to 18 for some places in Queensland Northern Territory Western Australia and Tasmania However the EMC may be as low as 6 to 7 in dry centrally heated houses and offices or in permanently air conditioned buildings The primary reason for drying wood to a moisture content equivalent to its mean EMC under use conditions is to minimise the dimensional changes or movement in the final product Shrinkage and swelling Shrinkage and swelling may occur in wood when the moisture content is changed Stamm 1964 Shrinkage occurs as moisture content decreases too much while swelling takes place when it increases Volume change is not equal in all directions The greatest dimensional change occurs in a direction tangential to the growth rings Shrinkage from the pith outwards or radially is usually considerably less than tangential shrinkage while longitudinal along the grain shrinkage is so slight as to be usually neglected The longitudinal shrinkage is 0 1 to 0 3 in contrast to transverse shrinkages which is 2 10 Tangential shrinkage is often about twice as great as in the radial direction although in some species it may be as much as five times as great The shrinkage is about 5 to 10 in the tangential direction and about 2 to 6 in the radial direction Walker et al 1993 Differential transverse shrinkage of wood is related to the alternation of late wood and early wood increments within the annual ring the influence of wood rays in the radial direction Kollmann and Cote 1968 the features of the cell wall structure such as microfibril angle modifications and pits and the chemical composition of the middle lamella Wood drying Wood drying may be described as the art of ensuring that gross dimensional changes through shrinkage are confined to the drying process Ideally wood is dried to that equilibrium moisture content as will later in service be attained by the wood Thus further dimensional change will be kept to a minimum It is probably impossible to completely eliminate movement in wood but this may be approximated by chemical modification This is the treatment of wood with chemicals to replace the hydroxyl groups with other hydrophobic functional groups of modifying agents Stamm 1964 Among all the existing processes wood modification with acetic anhydride has considerable promise due to the high anti shrink or anti swell efficiency ASE attainable without damaging the wood properties However acetylation of wood has been slow to be commercialised due to the cost corrosion and the entrapment of the acetic acid in wood There is extensive literature relating to the chemical modification of wood Rowell 1983 1991 Kumar 1994 Haque 1997 Drying timber is one approach for adding value to sawn products from the primary wood processing industries According to the Australian Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation FWPRDC green sawn hardwood which is sold at about 350 per cubic metre or less increases in value to 2 000 per cubic metre or more with drying and processing However currently used conventional drying processes often result in significant quality problems from cracks both externally and internally reducing the value of the product

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